What are the causes and symptoms of :

IBD or Inflammatory Bowel disease:

 IBD comprises two related disease- Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis is caused by disruption of the normal mucosa with the presence of bleeding, edema and ulcerations (losses of tissue due to inflammation). When ulcerative colitis is most extreme; the bowel wall can get so thin and the loss of tissue so great that perforations all the way through the bowel wall can occur. The main symptoms are diarrhea, rectal bleeding and abdominal cramps.

Crohn disease can occur anywhere along the GI tract from the mouth to the anus. Active Crohn's disease shows inflammation and thickening of the bowel wall such that the lumen can become narrowed to the point at which it may become blocked or obstructed, which is painful. The part of the small intestine at the end of ileum is the most common site, so the first symptom is pain in the lower-right abdomen and diarrhea. The disease is accompanied by fever due to the immune response.

Hypertension:

It is defined as a chronically increased systemic arterial pressure. One of the organ most affected is heart. Because the left ventricle in a hypertensive person must chronically pump against an increased arterial pressure, it develops an adaptive increase in muscle mass called left ventricular hypertrophy. The presence of hypertension also enhances the possible development of atherosclerosis and heart attacks, kidney damage and stroke- the rupture of a cerebral blood vessel, causing localized brain damage. The causes of hypertension can be due to genetic and environmental factors. A number of genes coding for enzymes involved in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway and some involved in the regulation of endothelial cell function and arteriolar smooth muscle contraction are affected. Hypertension could result from an increase either in cardiac output or in total peripheral resistances.

A number of environmental factors, contribute to the development of primary hypertension. Obesity and frequently associated insulin insensitivity are risk factors. Chronic, high salt intake leads to overproduction of sympathetic nervous system, constriction of arterioles and narrowing of the lumen of arteries. Other factors are : smoking, excess alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, chronic stress, maternal smoking, low birth weight, and diet low in fruits, whole grains, vitamin D, and calcium. Secondary hypertension is caused by the damage to the kidneys or their blood supply. Hypertension is linked to abnormal night time breathing pattern and sleep apnea.

Coma:

It is a state of unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened; fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light or sound; lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. For a patient to maintain consciousness, two important neurological components must function. The first is the cerebral cortex- the gray matter that forms the outer layer of the brain and the other is a structure located in brainstem called reticular activating system(RAS). Injury to either or both of these components is sufficient to cause a patient to experience a coma.

Coma may have developed in humans as a response to injury to allow the body to pause bodily actions and heal the most immediate injuries before waking. It therefore could be a compensatory state in which the body's expenditure of energy is not superfluous. Coma may result from intoxication, metabolic abnormalities, CNS diseases, strokes, hypoxia etc. drug poisoning, lack of O2 resulting from cardiac arrest, hypoxia, excessive blood loss, malnutrition. Following are the symptoms of coma:- 1) Closed eyes 2) depressed brainstem reflexes 3) No responses of limbs, painful stimuli 4) Irregular breathing 5) Patient may shake or jerk abnormally 6) Dizziness, bodily discomfort.